主题：信息检索学科的发展历史（搜索引擎前）

Before 1900s
1890: Hollerith tabulating machines were used to analyze the US census. (Herman Hollerith).
1900s
Late 1940s: The US military confronted problems of indexing and retrieval of wartime scientific research documents captured from Germans.
1945: Vannevar Bush's As We May Think appeared in Atlantic Monthly
1947: Hans Peter Luhn (research engineer at IBM since 1941) began work on a mechanized, punch card based system for searching chemical compounds.
1950s: Growing concern in the US for a "science gap" with the USSR motivated, encouraged funding, and provided a backdrop for mechanized literature searching systems (Allen Kent et al) and the invention of citation indexing (Eugene Garfield).
1950: The term "information retrieval" may have been coined by Calvin Mooers.
1955: Allen Kent joined Case Western Reserve University, and eventually becomes associate director of the Center for Documentation and Communications Research. That same year, Kent and colleagues publish a paper in American Documentation describing the precision and recall measures, as well as detailing a proposed "framework" for evaluating an IR system, which includes statistical sampling methods for determining the number of relevant documents not retrieved.
1958: International Conference on Scientific Information Washington DC included consideration of IR systems as a solution to problems identified. See: Proceedings of the International Conference on Scientific Information, 1958 (National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, 1959)
1959: Hans Peter Luhn published "Auto-encoding of documents for information retrieval."
1960s: at early 1960s Gerard Salton began work on IR at Harvard, later moved to Cornell.
1960: Melvin Earl (Bill) Maron and J. L. Kuhns published "On relevance, probabilistic indexing, and information retrieval" in Journal of the ACM 7(3):216-244, July 1960.
1962:
Cyril W. Cleverdon published early findings of the Cranfield studies, developing a model for IR system evaluation. See: Cyril W. Cleverdon, "Report on the Testing and Analysis of an Investigation into the Comparative Efficiency of Indexing Systems". Cranfield Coll. of Aeronautics, Cranfield, England, 1962.
Kent published Information Analysis and Retrieval
1963:
Weinberg report "Science, Government and Information" gave a full articulation of the idea of a "crisis of scientific information." The report was named after Dr. Alvin Weinberg.
Joseph Becker and Robert M. Hayes published text on information retrieval. Becker, Joseph; Hayes, Robert Mayo. Information storage and retrieval: tools, elements, theories. New York, Wiley (1963).
1964:
Karen Sp?rck Jones finished her thesis at Cambridge, Synonymy and Semantic Classification, and continued work on computational linguistics as it applies to IR
The National Bureau of Standards sponsored a symposium titled "Statistical Association Methods for Mechanized Documentation." Several highly significant papers, including G. Salton's first published reference (we believe) to the SMART system.
mid-1960s:
National Library of Medicine developed MEDLARS Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System, the first major machine-readable database and batch retrieval system
Project Intrex at MIT
1965: J. C. R. Licklider published Libraries of the Future
1966: Don Swanson was involved in studies at University of Chicago on Requirements for Future Catalogs
late-1960s: F. W. Lancaster completed evaluation studies of the MEDLARS system and published the first edition of his text on information retrieval.
1968:
Gerard Salton published Automatic Information Organization and Retrieval.
J. W. Sammon's RADC Tech report "Some Mathematics of Information Storage and Retrieval..." outlined the vector model.
1969: Sammon's "A nonlinear mapping for data structure analysis" (IEEE Transactions on Computers) was the first proposal for visualization interface to an IR system.
1970s
early-1970s:
First online systems--NLM's AIM-TWX, MEDLINE; Lockheed's Dialog; SDC's ORBIT
Theodor Nelson promoting concept of hypertext, published Computer Lib/Dream Machines
1971: N. Jardine and C. J. Van Rijsbergen published "The use of hierarchic clustering in information retrieval", which articulated the "cluster hypothesis." (Information Storage and Retrieval, 7(5), pp. 217-240, Dec 1971)
1975: Three highly influential publications by Salton fully articulated his vector processing framework and term discrimination model:
A Theory of Indexing (Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics)
"A theory of term importance in automatic text analysis", (JASIS v. 26)
"A vector space model for automatic indexing", (CACM 18:11)
1978: The First ACM SIGIR conference.
1979: C. J. Van Rijsbergen published Information Retrieval (Butterworths). Heavy emphasis on probabilistic models.
1980s
1980: First international ACM SIGIR conference, joint with British Computer Society IR group in Cambridge
1982: Belkin, Oddy, and Brooks proposed the ASK (Anomalous State of Knowledge) viewpoint for information retrieval. This was an important concept, though their automated analysis tool proved ultimately disappointing.
1983: Salton (and M. McGill) published Introduction to Modern Information Retrieval (McGraw-Hill), with heavy emphasis on vector models.
mid-1980s: Efforts to develop end user versions of commercial IR systems.
1985-1993: Key papers on and experimental systems for visualization interfaces.
Work by D. B. Crouch, Robert R. Korfhage, M. Chalmers, A. Spoerri and others.
1989: First World Wide Web proposals by Tim Berners-Lee at CERN.
1990s
1992: First TREC conference.
1997: Publication of Korfhage's Information Storage and Retrieval[2] with emphasis on visualization and multi-reference point systems.
late-1990s: Web search engines implementation of many features formerly found only in experimental IR systems. Search engines become the most common and maybe best instantiation of IR models, research and implementation.